Biochemistry+Review


 * **// Biochemistry Review  //** ||   ||

**// Section 3.1 - Properties of Water //** 2. Describe the chemical make up and type of bonding found in water molecules. 3. Explain why the hydrogen and oxygen atoms don't share electrons equally in a water molecule.
 * || 1. Why is water such an important molecule to living things?

4. What is the effect of this uneven sharing of electrons in water?

5. Sketch a molecule of water showing the charges on the molecule.

6. What is the overall charge on a water molecule? Explain why.

8. Water's polarity makes it very effective in _ other substances.

11. Water molecules are _ __to other water molecules.__ 12. What type of bonding holds 2 or more water molecules together? 13. Are hydrogen bonds strong or weak bonds? Can they be easily broken? 15. Cohesion of water molecules produces __tension making water seem like it has a "skin" on it. Surface tension enables some__ _ __to walk across the surface of the water.__ 17. Adhesion and cohesion **together** enable water molecules to move __through narrow tubes against the force of gravity.__ **// Section 3.2 - Carbon Compounds //** 23.  What is an organic compound?

24. Besides carbon, name 3 other elements that make up most organic compounds.

26. How many electrons are in the **outermost energy level of carbon**? How many does it need to have this energy level **filled**? 27. How many covalent bonds can carbon form? 28. Name 3 structural shapes that form whenever carbon atoms bond to other carbon atoms.

29. How many electrons are being shared in a **singl**e covalent bond? **double** covalent bond? **triple** covalent bond? **quadruple** covalent bond? 34. Large carbon molecules are built from smaller, simpler molecules called __.__ 35. Large carbon molecules made of monomers are called _. 37. What type of reaction links monomers to make polymers? 39. Condensation reactions involve the removal of a molecule of. 40. What reaction is used to breakdown polymers? Is water **added or removed**? How does this **compare** to condensation? 41. All life processes require a constant supply of. **Name** the molecule used by cells to get energy. Give its **abbreviation.** 43. Which bonded phosphate group on ATP releases the MOST energy when broken? 44. Name the **4 main classes** of macromolecules (organic molecules) & tell what **3 elements** all of these contain. **// Carbohydrates store energy for organisms! //** 51. What are double sugars called? **Name & describe** the process that forms them. **// Proteins are used to build cells, & they act as enzymes! //** 57. What are the monomers of proteins called? How many are there? 60. How does a dipeptide form? 62. Long chains of amino acids are called _ __and these join together to make a__ __.__ 65. Most proteins act as catalysts or inside of cells. **// Lipids include fats that are used for long-term energy storage! //** 71. Are lipids polar or nonpolar? What happens to lipids when they are placed in water? 72. If a compound has more bonds, what can it store more of in those bonds? 73. Most lipids are made of __acids. Describe their shape.__ 75. Are both ends of a fatty acid polar? Explain. 76. Hydophilic means water _. Which end of a fatty acid is hydrophilic. The nonpolar end of a fatty acid is said to be _ __or "water fearing".__ 84. What makes up a phospholipid? What main part of a cell is made of phospholipids? 85. What is meant by a lipid bilayer? What makes this such an effective barrier between the inside & the outside of the cell? **// Nucleic acids store genetic information for cells! //** 90. Give the name & abbreviation for 2 nucleic acids found in cells. 91. DNA and RNA are both examples of _ __made of linked monomers called__ __. The instructions in these molecules is used to make__ __. 92. Name the 3 parts to a nucleotide then draw and label one. ||
 * // Section 3.3 - Macromolecules  //**